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• An Assessment of Wake Wash Reduction of Fast Ferries at Supercritical Froude Numbers and at Optimized Trim by Stan Stumbo, Kenneth Fox and Larry Elliott; RINA Wake Wash and Motions Control International Conference, London, November 2000

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  From full scale measurements and aerial photographs, the authors show the characteristics of wake wash from a 36 knot 196 tonne catamaran operating in critical and supercritical regimes. First, a large reduction of wash energy was achieved in deep water by optimizing vessel trim with interceptors. Then a marked reduction in wake wash height and energy compared to that in deep water was observed as depth Froude numbers increased. These observations were cause for reassessment of a previous paper’s comparison of the wash characteristics of a number of hull forms to take water depth and supercriticality into account. This information has been used to tailor the routing of fast ferries to take advantage of the wash reduction in the supercritical regime

• Hull Form Considerations in the Design of Low Wake Wash Catamarans by Stan Stumbo, Kenneth Fox and Larry Elliott; SNAME, FAST '99 International Conference, Seattle, WA, August, 1999

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  During the past four years, the authors have measured the wake wash characteristics of numerous aluminum catamarans of various displacements, lengths and hull forms. Some of these vessels were designed with low wake wash as a goal and some were not. Hull form characteristics that contribute to low wake wash become apparent when the wash characteristics are correlated with Froude Number (waterline length) and length to beam ratio. This paper: Briefly reviews the techniques of wake wash measurement and analysis presented in an earlier paper, Presents the results of wake wash measurements of various vessels, Shows why minimizing the waterline length (LWL) is important to low wash catamaran design, and Suggests design goal parameters for achieving the lowest possible wake wash for a given vessel displacement and service speed. This paper is intended to act as feedback to the design community to communicate the results of wake wash measurements and give the designers the benefit of comparison of various hull form characteristics that contribute to low wake wash.

• The Prediction, Measurement and Analysis of Wake Wash from Marine Vessels by Stan Stumbo, Ken Fox, Frank Dvorak and Larry Elliott. Presented to The Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Pacific Northwest Section, November, 1998. This paper won the Vadm. E.L. Cochrane Award for the best SNAME technical paper of 1999.

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  In the marine environment, wake wash from passing vessels can be detrimental to a shoreline environment, damage shoreline property and disturb or damage other marine operations. Slowdowns to prevent such impact can hamper or curtail high speed vessel operations that depend on speed for successful service. To prevent this failure, low wash vessel designs are needed and success must be assured before significant dollar investments are made. This paper describes: The establishment of "no harm" wash criteria, The prediction of wash using Computational Fluid Dynamics for various speeds of high speed aluminum catamarans, The techniques of measurement and analysis of the wash from actual vessels, and Agreement between wash predictions and wash measurements. This paper documents a successful program which Washington State Ferries used to procure new, high speed passenger ferries which are environmentally friendly, for use on the Puget Sound.

• Wake Wash Issues and Answers, Kenneth Fox, Robert Gornstein, and Stan Stumbo. Society of Naval Architects and Marine Engineers, Pacific Northwest Section, October 2, 1993.

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